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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE THE IMPACT OF ROAD NETWORK ON THE MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE IN NIGERIA

Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the impact of road transport network on the marketing of agricultural produce in the Igbo-Etiti local government area and Nsukka zone of Enugu state to identify other factors directly or indirectly to the marketing of agricultural produce in the zone.
The empirical aspect of this research was carried out using the survey method and questionnaire to obtain information from respondents in the 10 major towns, all drawn from Nsukka zone.the high nature of response was made possible because of the constant visit of the researcher to the respondents. Tables, percentages pie charts and chi-square distribution were used as tools for presenting and analyzing the data collected.
The result of this study indicated that the nature of road network system in Nsukka zone of Enugu State adversely affects the marketing of agricultural produce. It was found that the inaccessibility of farmer to produce.
The researcher who discovered that the prices of agricultural produce rise and fall as a result of transportation costs. Bassed on the research findings the researcher made the following recommendations.

  1. That government should put effort in improving the nature of road network in the states since it was observed that inaccessibility reduces the incentives to produce.
  2. In planning for agriculture in a particular area, it becomes absolutely necessary that rural feeder roads are to be constructed to link such areas.
  3. Food collection centres should be established in various rural areas, since transportation cost tends to increase the price of agricultural produce.
  4. The provisions of farm equipment should be made available to the farmers and adequate storage facility should be well assessed to check against wastage and spoilage.

Table Of Content
Title page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 Statement of research problem
1.3 Objectives of study
1.4 Statement of hypothesis
1.5 Significance of study
1.6 Scope of study
1.7 Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 The nature of agricultural produce in Nigeria
2.2 The role of transportation in the marketing of agricultural produce
2.3 Factors that influence transportation in Igbo-Etiti
2.4 The nature of road network in Igbo-Etiti
2.5 The implication of road network in the marketing of agricultural produce in Igbo-Etiti.
2.6 Transport and improving agricultural production in Igbo-Etiti.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Sources of data
3.2 Population of study
3.3 Determination of sample size
3.4 Sample procedure and design
3.5 Selection and construction of research instrument
3.6 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.2 Presentation and analysis
4.3 Testing of hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of findings
5.2 Recommendations
5.3 Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendices

Chapter One
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The quest to achieve self-sufficient food production is one of the highest priority facing most of the world today. Nigeria in particular. This is also a problem that threatens to be worsening all year round.
Food in Nigeria is critically depended on transportation distribution, it then become obvious that wide variety of Nigerian food would not be available without the complex transportation network system, which serves as stem food industry. Farm produce therefore depend upon transportation facilities.
Based on the above reason, the impact as well as the importance of road transport system should not be over emphasized, especially as regards to agricultural produce.
Problems relating to rural inaccessibility have contained to brother the world and in particular Nigeria Agriculture. It is on this note that government and transport policy makers should intensify efforts to improve the transportation system especially in road network which is the main and the most popular mode of transportation in this country. Their collective and/or individual efforts should be directed towards fighting against hunger as well as in providing necessary transportation facilities and services and contribute to the instrument decision in related areas that can help to assume the supply of addition of food and its distribution to customers.
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
In the beginning agriculture and transportation are moving hand in hand. This produce must be reasonably available and when produced must be distributed to ports and factories. Also that adequate transportation and efficient courier services operation are necessary condition the affecting and efficient transportation network and a cornerstone of modern marketing system. Transportation thus serves as a means of moving goods, ideas and information geared towards increased productivity.
In Nigeria, road constitute the most important infrastructure and territory of sharp contrast in climate solid and vegetation which hinders agricultural progress. In some areas, most of the road which are essential for the evacuation of produce from the farmer to the market place are often inaccessible all year round.
Most of these feeder roads are unsurfaced, narrow, poorly drained and winding, they prevent easy access to the hinter land where the majority of the farmers are located. Even when such roads are in a fair condition there is a problem of poor maintenance, lack of adequate execution capacity, lack of suitable materials and management problems. All this factors attributed to the low agricultural produce in Igbo-Etiti.
If agriculture will respond to the growing demand of the rural populace then it will be necessary to include a good rural structure with road network to reduce the cost of flow of agricultural commodities, information and all sorts for rural services to enable it contribute meaningfully to the general economic growth.
This will help to accommodate the increase traffic flow of input and output moving from rural areas to urban centers, which will involve extra addition of maintaining rural road network.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This includes:
(a) To identify those factors that all directly and indirectly related to the marketing of agricultural produce and to what extent they have contributed to the use and fall of agricultural produce.
(b) To determine the extent which road transport system has affected the marketing of agricultural produce in Igbo-Etiti local government area.
(c) To offer useful recommendation with a view to making the marketing of agricultural produce in Igbo-Etiti more successful and effective.
(d) To determine the effect of road network in the marketing of agricultural producse in Igbo-Etiti.
(e) To determine the primitive use of farm tools to produce staple crops in large quantities that can be transported to other parts of the local government area.

1.4 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
Based on the stated objectives, this study will seek to base the impact of transportation on the marketing of agricultural produce with the following marketing mix variables which includes product, price, place (distribution) promotion.

Hypothesis 1
4.0 The high cost of transportation affects the prices of agricultural produce.
4.1 The high cost of transportation does not affect the price of agricultural produce in Igbo-Etiti.

Hypothesis 2
4.0 The perishable nature of agricultural produce affect the marketing of agricultural produce in Igbo-Etiti local government area.
4.1 The perishable nature of agriculture produce does not affect the marketing of agricultural produce in Igbo-Etiti local government.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Increased interest in this study is due partly to the gainful and developmental input which agriculture can make to the economy and most importantly to the tremendous impact of transportation infrastructure on regional economics. This is because transport and development as well as agriculture are usually regarded as closely related since each of them influences the fortunes or the rate of growths of the other.
The significance of this study is further highlighted. Considering that in Nigeria, road is the only mode of transport by which all the states of the federation are linked especially with regard to the movement and distribution of agricultural produce from various rural areas of production to the different urban areas of the state for consumption.
Finally, the study shall also serve as a stimulant or reference guide for further research in this area especially in the era of population explosion and impending food storage.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
In Enugu state most of the agricultural produce like (yam, rice, garri, cassava, tomatoes, pepper) and so on are produced in the villages located in remote towns. Because of differences in ecological factors such as climate, soil texture, topography and so on. Some villages produce more or several types of agricultural produce than other. Taking cognizance of the fact the study covers gbo-Etiti.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Product problem – production problem confronting the agricultural produce particularly in Igbo—Etiti has various structures such as technical socio-economic and organizational differences.
(a) Technical problem – comprises of the following
(i) Inadequate quantity and quality of farm input and farming implements.
(ii) Low cost of agricultural technology and high illiteracy among the farmers.
(iii) Inadequate infrastructural facilities for agricultural produce in the rural areas where the back of farmers live, the farmers are predominantly poor, there are good road to xx their commodities to urban markets, no portable water and non-availability of electricity to make life comfortable. These vices makes the youth to migrate to urban towns for green pastures, thereby living farming for the very old also could produce just very little.
(b) Socio-economic problem – comprises of the following:
(i) High cost of agricultural production but low rate of return from agricultural investments because of the association risks and other cost.
(ii) Low productivity of farm labour Inspite of their high wage rate.
(iii) The land xx system that does not encourage high production and productivity.
(c) Organizational problem – The government had formulated a lot of policy on agriculture among which are
(i) The operation feed the nation (OFN)
(ii) Farm settlement scheme
(iii) Green revolution
(iv) National accelerated food development programme
(v) Land use decree of 1978
(vi) Operation back to land
(vii) Food for all and school to programmes.
These programmes were poorly formulated, executed controlled with no clear-cut and well defined objectives from the onset. Most of the performances of government ministries, agencies and states are conflicting confession and yielding no positive result due to poor planning, organizing, execution, coordinating and appraisal.
The nations agricultural production problems would be solved by devising an entirety indigenous technique of increasing production efficiency peculiar to its land resources and personnel, skills and management.
State problem – problems encountered by the state could be attributed to inadequate overall planning and coordination at the state and national level. At present, the link between state and federal ministry of agriculture we weak but plans as underway to increase the vital leadership role of the state and federal ministry and to provide better liaison between them. Shortages of qualified staff is a factor to which attention must be given.
However, the biggest of all is economic farm prices are too low to an incentive to the farmers.
Local government problem- problem associated with rural or local government dwellers is the inadequate health facilities and bad sanitary conditions and child malnutrition are prevalent. Rural well-being require more and better health facilities better systems of waste disposal improvement of water supplies and the introduction of health education and information on better feeding habits.

Chapter Five
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
The purpose of this chapter is to present summary of findings based on the stated and tested hypotheses and also to highlight other findings of study as well as to make adequate recommendations and conclusion.
5.1 Summary of findings:
A brief summary of the result of the study as seen from the acceptance of rejection of the earlier stated hypothesis are made here.
From the result obtained, from the first hypotheses which states that the nature of road network in Enugu state affects the marketing of her agricultural products, it was observed that majority of the respondents hold strongly the view that (poor) nature of road network in Enugu state affects the marketing of her agricultural produce. 132 out of 254 respondents approximately 52% of the total respondents expressed this view.
The implication of this finding is that the (poor) nature of the road makes distribution and marketing of agricultural products difficult for the rural farmers.
The second hypotheses holds that inaccessibility reduces the incentive to produce. From the result obtained it was found that most respondents hold strongly the view that inaccessibility (caused by poor road network r poor state road) reduces the incentive to produce.
The finding also revealed that inaccessibility is a disincentive to higher productivity and as well kills enterprise on the part of the farmers. This result ws obtained from view expressed by 101 out of 254 respondents representing approximately 50% of her respondents.
The second hypotheses states that the cost of transportation affect the prices of agricultural products. At first, table 4.11) realized that poor network is a major problem of transportation. It was later observed that due to the bad nature of road network, product prices tend to become high. This view as hood by 33% of respondents where 42 affirm it makes prices low and 14 says it has no effect price.
Therefore the null hypotheses was accepted by majority of the respondents holds the view that cost of transportation affect the prices of agricultural produce.
Apart from the respondents holds the view that cost of transportation were made during the cause of the study. Such other findings include:
(i) That the majority of those engaged in agricultural production and marketing are aged between 30 to 49 years and earn not more than N2000.
(ii) That most of the people involved in agricultural production and marketing had little or no education and this affects their level of productivity.
(iii) That apart from road facilities, inadequate which facilities and road distance to consumers are other problems militating against marketing of agricultural produce in the state.
(iv) That the poor state of road network is not only reduces the incentive to produce but also causes urbanization and creates conservation.
(v) That the prices of agricultural product is not only influenced by the poor road network but also by government tax and low demand of the produce.
(vi) That the poor transportation system also affects the marketing process by causing increase in the prices of the product, increase in spoilage and then makes distribution difficult.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
It is normally said that the first step in solving problem is the identification of the problem. Based on the identified problems dn findings of the study, some useful recommendations are made, all aimed towards growing more food and enhancing effective marketing of agricultural products in Nigeria and Enugu state in particular with a view to achieving self-sufficiency in food production.
In planning for agriculture in particular area, it is absolutely essential that rural feeder roads are constructed to link such areas, and where the road are in a terrible state of despaired, be reconstructed or rehabilitated. This recommendation is to enhance easy evaluation of food products to the various areas of need.
Having realized that inaccessibility (caused y poor state of roads) reduces the incentive to produce it is highly recommended that the government makes effort to improve upon the nature of the road. On the alternative it could begin to subsidize the farmers cost of production and marketing. This will raise heir moral and as well sere as an incentive to higher productivity.
It is also recommended that the government with the collective centres in the various rural areas, since transportation cost tend to increase the price of agricultural produce. Provision of government vehicles to collect and transport these agricultural produce to the urban markets will be appreciated. This will help lower the price of these produce.
Often times, lack of agricultural equipment and inadequate storage facilities are other problem affecting agricultural production. It is recommended that the government should assist by providing farmers with the most modern agricultural equipments as well as modern and adequate storage facilities to check against wastage on spoilage.
The adequate maintenance of all these listed recommendation must not be despised. The road should be properly maintained the agricultural equipment be given necessary maintenance as well as all provide storage facilities. This proper and adequate maintenance will enable long substance of all the listed factors and provide effective and efficient mode of operation.
Finally, it is recommended that further intensified research works be carried out in this areas of study to help identify other areas where the impact of road transport on agriculture could be felt and perhaps use to unhealthy development in the economy.

5.3 Conclusion
Generally, researchers are confronted with a view to finding out better and new methods of improvement in all field of human endeavour.
In the course of the study, effort were made to identify the effective marketing of agricultural produce in Enugu state. Prominent among the factors was poor road network which in the respondents view was the greatest problem hindering effective marketing of agricultural product the state.
Since poor road network and lack of maintenance have been identified as major shortcoming in the marketing process of agricultural product invention and enterprise to grow more food is therefore greatly reduced. As a result farmers profit are reduced and a lot o wastage and spoilage due to poor or no storage facilities is experienced.
The implication of this is obvious. It causes death and scarcity of foodstuffs especially in the urban markets. When this happens the tendency is for the price of food stuff to rise owing to increase cost of input like effect and transportation cost.
Indeed, it has earlier been recognized that adequate and efficient transportation network is a cornerstone of modern good marketing system and since transportation services are a necessary condition for effecting and efficient physical distribution of agricultural products, we strongly conclude that efficient and reliable road transportation system is indispensable in effecting marketing of agricultural products in Nigeria and Enugu state in particular.
Road transport in relation to agricultural should therefore be a major area of government concern in some of its policies. This perhaps, the government has realized through the establishment and formulation of certain government policies either maintained (in chapter one) in all states of the federation to revitalize the road transport network. It is generally believed that this is step in the right direction if the guest for sufficiency in food production is to be achieved.

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