A STUDY TO ANALYZE THE AWARENESS OF PEOPLE ABOUT THE CAUSES OF TUBERCULOSIS AND ITS EFFECTS

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) constitutes a significant and major public health emergency globally. Nigeria is one of the 22 high burden Tuberculosis countries. A high level of community awareness and positive perception towards TB and its management is crucial for the success of any control strategy. A national baseline survey was conducted in 2008 and a follow-up study in 2012 to measure knowledge of TB among the general population. This study therefore evaluated the knowledge of the target population about Tuberculosis in the follow-up study. A cross-sectional study design was employed with a total of 3,021 respondents interviewed from six states selected randomly from each of the six geopolitical zones in the country. Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies were adopted. From the findings, about 60% of the respondents were aged between 21 and 40 years and more than half had secondary school education. Over 80% had ever heard about TB. Although there has been a significant improvement in correct knowledge of the cause of TB from baseline (19%) in 2008 to 26.5% in 2012 (), findings showed that prioritized interventions are needed to improve communication and information dissemination on Tuberculosis to the general public, to aid TB control and all prevention efforts.

Chapter one

1. Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) constitutes a significant and major public health emergency globally. The 2015 World Global TB Report revealed that “TB still maintains the status of the world’s biggest threats, due to the fact that, in 2014, the disease caused the death of 1.5 million people worldwide (1.1 million HIV-negative and 0.4 million HIV-positive)” [1]. Apart from the mortality toll from TB, the morbidity effect as indicated by the same report showed that “9.6 million people fell ill to TB in 2014 across the world (5.4 million men, 3.2 million women, and 1.0 million children), with an estimated 12% of the 9.6 million new TB cases in 2014 being HIV-positive” [1].

Nigeria was ranked as the 4th on the list of countries with the global TB burden behind India (1st), Indonesia (2nd), and China (3rd) as stated in the 2015 Global TB Report [1]. This ranking by the World Health Organization (WHO) positions Nigeria as the African country with the highest TB burden within the African continent [1]. According to the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme statistical report in Nigeria, “90,584 of all forms of TB cases were detected in 2015” [2]. Going by the first national TB prevalence survey report (2012), “Nigeria had a prevalence rate of 323 per 100,000 for all forms of TB and an estimated incidence rate of 338 per 100,000” [3].

The national TB Control Programme covers all the thirty-six states and FCT, including all the 774 local government areas (LGAs) in the country. In terms of geographical spread, the country at the end of 2015 had “5,863 Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) centers in the 774 LGAs” [4]. Through the DOTS expansion strategy, dissemination of TB information and services has been promoted through the training of health facilities’ care providers (specifically DOTS and laboratory staff) and also through TB patients, during diagnosis and treatment initiation. However, the general population has not been well informed about TB due to the sparse use of the mass media, resulting in low awareness and sensitization about the disease among the general population.

Between 2008, when the first TB knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) survey was conducted in the country, and 2012, when a similar follow-up study was done, the knowledge about TB was expected to have significantly increased, considering the application of several proven interventions deployed for the implementation of TB services in Nigeria. This included the dissemination of TB messages on the mass media, printing and distribution of information, education, and communication (IEC) materials, and community sensitization during World TB Day celebrations. Others are related to the expansion of DOTS facilities and training of health workers and community volunteers, to generate demand for TB services within the communities.

The roles of the mass media in demand creation for public health services have been found to be germane to the creation of awareness and sensitization as well as in reducing stigma and discrimination. As discussed by Fakolade et al., “public health programs that focus on the use of effective mass media messages and the use of testimonials will continue to reduce stigma and discrimination” [5].

With a population of about 177,000,000 in 2014, Nigeria remains the most populous country in Africa with approximately two-thirds of the populations living in rural areas and a population median age of 17 years [6]. The country is organized as a federation, with a federal government, 36 states, and the Federal Capital Territory and 774 local government areas. The states are grouped into six geopolitical zones: northwest, northeast, north central, southeast, south-south, and southwest zones. The zones differ from each other in size, population, ecological characteristics, language, culture, settlement patterns, economic opportunities, and historical background. Wide sociocultural, economic, and geographical diversities exist across the country. There are an estimated 374 ethnic groups and more than 500 languages existing in the country. However, the predominant languages are Hausa/Fulani in the north, Yoruba in the southwest, and Ibo in the southeast. Christianity and Islam are the main religions.

2. Materials and Methods

This study involved a cross-sectional approach with a mixed method of both quantitative and qualitative data collection instruments. The quantitative aspect involved a household survey.

Youths, adult women, and men of reproductive age group in the communities where TB interventions have been implemented constituted the study population for the quantitative component. The sample size for the household survey was calculated using the Windows Program for Epidemiologists (WINPEPI) [7]. The applied formula was based on simple proportion with a cluster sampling technique with three key indicators: national prevalence of TB of 537/100,000 population, the mean knowledge score of TB from the baseline estimated at 62.4%, and the proportion in the baseline with correct knowledge of TB estimated at 19%. A confidence level of 95%, a precision of 0.05, and a design effect of 2 were introduced. Based on these three indicators and parameters, the minimum adequate sample size required was 472 (based on correct knowledge).

With a 10% nonresponse rate, a total of 520 respondents were estimated for each of the six states. In all, a total of 3,120 respondents were targeted in the six selected states.

A multistage sampling technique was employed. At the first stage, a state was selected from each of the six geopolitical zones in the country. The six states were selected randomly from the geopolitical zones and thereafter two (one urban and one rural) local government areas (LGAs) were selected in each state. The LGA in which the state secretariat was situated was chosen as the urban LGA while the LGA with the least population was chosen as the rural LGA. At the third stage, a list of enumeration areas (EAs) was obtained from the NPC and 10 enumeration areas (EAs) were selected randomly from each LGA making up 20 EAs per state.

At the fourth stage, a systematic sampling technique was employed to recruit twenty-six (26) participants in each EA. The procedure for selection was as follows: (a) starting from any point, the fieldworker walked around the selected EA to identify and list all households. In listing the households, the address and the name of head of households were recorded for proper tagging. All institutional households were excluded. (b) The number of eligible households in each EA was divided by twenty-six (26) to obtain the sampling interval . (c) A number  between 1 and  was randomly selected using simple random sampling. The household corresponding to this number in the list of households was the first household to be included in the sample. (d) To determine subsequent households to be included in the sample,  was added each time. For example, , , , and so forth, and  will vary from one EA to another depending on the number of eligible households.

Each of the selected households was visited and all the eligible men and women (i.e., women in the age group of 15–49 years and men aged 15–64 years) were listed by age. The person to be interviewed was selected using a table of random numbers. This means that there was no need to systematically alternate between interviewing a male and interviewing a female. Randomization ensured that we obtained a correct sex ratio for each state. A total of 3,021 questionnaires were properly completed and returned, representing a 97% response rate.

Generally, the set of questionnaires for collecting the quantitative data was designed to elicit information on respondents’ knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, experiences, and practices concerning TB disease, prevention, and control in Nigeria. But more specifically, the research sought to collect information about respondents’ knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) on the following: knowledge of TB and source of information, perception of TB prevalence in the community, routes of TB transmission, ways of preventing TB transmission, method of detection of TB, methods of treatment of TB, and attitudes towards and practices relating to TB.

The fieldworkers underwent three days of training with the data collection instruments for standardization of the interview protocol. CSPro and EpiData were used for data entry and editing. Analysis was carried out using the SPSS software.

Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the Federal Ministry of Health’s National Health Research Ethics Committee (NHREC) before the commencement of the study. Written informed consent was also obtained from all participants after the study has been properly explained to them. In this regard, the (translated) consent form was read to participants who do not understand English in their local language by trained data collection staff. Participants who were unable to write or sign after consenting to participate in the study were requested to thumb-print on the consent form. Also, verbal consent was obtained from community leaders in every community where the survey was conducted. Confidentiality was assured by ensuring that there were no personal identifiers on any data instrument, and only research personnel had access to the data. It is important to state that the data was not weighted during analysis.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the General Population

Table 1 displays the sociodemographic characteristics of the survey respondents. Out of a total of 3,021 respondents from the six states where the study was conducted, 513 respondents were interviewed in Ondo, 518 in Benue, 525 in Akwa Ibom, 518 in Katsina, 424 in Ebonyi, and 523 in Gombe. The general background information of the respondents showed that there was a slightly higher proportion of females interviewed (53% females) than males. Over 60% were between the age categories of 21–40 years, while more than half (56%) had at least secondary level of education, but only 45.6% can read and write in English without difficulty. Petty trading was the commonest vocation (28%) among the respondents, followed by farming (17%) and career civil servants (14%). About three-quarters of the respondents were married (73%), while a majority were from Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba ethnic tribes. Three out of every five persons interviewed were Christians (60%).

3.2. Knowledge of TB

The survey sought to understand the prevailing knowledge level of respondents on TB. This is a communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As an airborne disease, it is transmitted when individuals with infectious Tuberculosis cough, sneeze, talk, or spit and, by so doing, expel TB bacilli into the air; thus, transmission is rampant in crowded and poorly ventilated habitats [8].

The knowledge of TB was based on respondents’ ability to recognize the cause, routes of transmission, and the methods of prevention. From the bivariate analysis, results were categorized into high and low knowledge. As shown in Table 2, a higher number of males (64.2%) than females (57.8%) had a higher level of TB knowledge, while, on the other hand, more females (42.2%) than males (35.8%) had low knowledge of TB (). This finding corroborates the results of the most recent National HIV/AIDS and Reproductive Health Survey (NARHS) in Nigeria where a higher proportion of males than females were aware of TB [9] and as discussed in the Nigerian National Demographic Health Survey.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. The authors would like to extend their thanks to the Global Fund for technical assistance during the development of the study design/protocol and for the financial support. They would also like to acknowledge the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme; the State TB Control Programmes of Ondo, Benue, Akwa Ibom, Katsina, Ebonyi, and Gombe; the World Health Organization; and other stakeholders in the TB Control Programme in Nigeria, for their immense contribution and support through the protocol development and the implementation of the study. Sincere thanks go to the study participants as well as the data collectors.

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