DEMOCRACY AND MEDIA AS FOURTH ESTATE OUR TERRITORY

INTRODUCTION

The political structure of many societies is now, more than ever, moving towards democracy- a system of Government that supports governance of the people, by the people and for the people. Democracy would, however, only remain a mirage until the freedom of the press is guaranteed since the media or press, usually referred to as the fourth estate of the realm, remain one of the most vital channels through which the provisions made for the freedom of expression and access to information, which are seen as fundamental human rights, are guaranteed. The mass media are often seen as fulfilling the vitally important role of fourth estate, the guardians of democracy and defenders of the public interest.

Liberal theorists argue that the existence of a free and independent press within each nation or political system is essential to the process of democratization as they contribute to the right of freedom of expression, thought and conscience and the strengthening of the responsiveness and accountability of Governments to all citizens bringing about good governance and human development.

The power of the press comes from its ability to withhold or give out information (McQuail, 2010: 168). In other words, the role of giving accurate information to the Nigerian citizenry is one of the major roles of the Nigerian Mass Media. The role of the mass media as the “fourth estate” of the realm implies that the media is also a lawmaker in itself. How? The agenda setting theory of the media will be discussed with reference to this. However, for the Media to become a true fourth estate of the realm, a society where democracy strives will provide enabling environment for this to be achieved. The media and democracy thus go hand in hand to making the role of the media as the fourth estate of the realm to be effective.

What is Democracy?

Democracy is a political system in which the people of a country rule through any form of Government they choose to establish. In modern democracies, supreme authority is exercised by representatives elected by popular suffrage where the people vote for persons to represent their interests in Government. In this case, there are elections whereby persons or members of the public cast their votes for a candidate to represent their interests in Government, with the candidate with majority of votes cast being the winner of the election and the representative of the people. These representatives are principally responsible to the citizens or people who are referred to as the electorate, putting power in the hands of the electorate who could impeach any representative found lacking in his or her assignment.

Democracy engenders practices such as the rule of law, checks and balances and the freedom of expression and association ensuring that there is accountability and transparency at all the three levels or arms of Government which are the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. These three arms of Government are all a part of the Government still creating a gap between them and their followers and so to ensure adequate accountability, there is need for an external independent body serving as a form of check and balance for the three arms of government. The media therefore serves as the fourth arm of Government performing the duty of society’s watchdog and ensuring the government’s accountability to the people and also at the same time ensuring the participation of the governed in the process of governance. However, for democracy to be fully actualized, the role of the media cannot be made light of as the mass media serves as the link between the government and the governed taking over the public sphere or public space and creating a platform for communication and development.

The History of “Estate of the Realm”

Thomas Caryle, a 19th century historian attributed the use of the “estate of the realm” to Edmund Burke. Edmund Burke was an Anglo-Irish political theorist and statesman and was famous for the quote “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing”. He saw the importance of the Press in the medieval era. (Gentzkow, 2006:187)

Burke said there were three estates in parliament: The Lords Spiritual, the Lords Temporal and the Commons. However, Burke emphasized that the “reporters’ gallery” was far more important than the earlier listed, and thus, referred to the “reporters” as the Fourth Estate of the realm.

For Carlyle (1899:139), Fourth Estate is not a figure of speech or a literal fact. During the medieval era, the fourth estate was also referred to as the press because the press was the only prevalent form of media prior to the coming of television and radio. For Carlyle, Printing is equivalent to democracy. In other words, printing is democracy. The rights of people in choosing their leaders is greatly affected by what is said in the press or carried by newspapers. Carlyle’s point of view is still prevalent today. Some media theories will be explained below to justify the role of the media as the fourth estate in society.

Theories of the Media

A theory is an abstract system of concepts and their relationships that help us to understand a phenomenon (Turner &West, 2010: 46). In other words, a theory helps us to understand what is going on and why such an issue is going on. There are many theories that exist in the world today, especially with regards to communication.

In Mass Communication alone, there are more than 100 theories explaining each facet of communication- Interpersonal communication, interpersonal communication, group communication and mass media theories.

In talking of the media as the fourth estate of the realm, a notion has been established that the media itself is democracy. Whatever happens on the democratic scene is largely influenced by the media. In other words, the media can also be referred to as “subtle law makers”. In establishing this fact, some media theories will be put into consideration:

Agenda Setting Theory

The agenda setting theory was originally formulated in 1972 by Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw. It explains the relationships between the emphasis that the mass media place on issues and the importance that the mass media attribute to those issues (Encyclopedia of Communication Theory, 2009: 31).

However, the foundation of this theory was laid by Bernard Cohen in a famous quotation he made in 1963: “The press may not be successful much of the time in telling people what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think about.” If we take a closer look at this statement, we will find out some key concepts.

1. The media will not tell you what to think.

2. The media will tell you what to think about.

In other words, the media may not change one’s perspective about an issue, but the media has the subtle power of making one think of an issue. In the past month, the kidnapping of the Girls from Federal Government College, Chibok by the Boko Haram sect. has been all over the media and consequently all over the mouths of almost all Nigerians. This is evident in the way it is being publicized through the social media with the phrase “Bring Back Our Girls.”

In other words, the agenda setting theory portrays the idea that media do not tell people what to think, but what to think about. The idea of Agenda Setting has been with us since the days of the penny press (Baran, 2010: 293).

There is an important relationship between media reports and people’s ranking of public issues. When the media begins to place priority on a particular issue in the society, it creates a notion that the issue is important and as such causes public debates and several talks on the issue. In choosing and displaying news, editors, newsroom staff and broadcasters play an important role in shaping political reality. Readers learn not only about a given issue, but also how much importance to attach to that issue from the amount of information in a news story and its position (McCombs, 1972: 176). The Nigerian media has successfully used the Agenda setting theory in improving the Nigerian democracy, but it can do better.

PRIMING

Priming is a theoretical concept used in tandem with the agenda setting theory. In agenda setting theory, the idea that the media draws attention to some aspects of political life at the expense of others is called priming. Priming portrays the idea that even the most motivated citizens cannot consider all that they know when evaluating complex political issues (Baran, 2010:295). The basic assumption of the Priming theory is that media images stimulate related thoughts in the minds of the audience (Wikipedia, n.d). Holt (2013: 110) states, “Media scholars define priming as a mental process in which certain aspects of an issue are made more prominent by media and thus more influential in guiding a person’s judgment. Priming works because people tend to be cognitive misers, paying more attention to information that is readily available or more easily accessed, than that is readily available to them.

Iyengar, Peters and Kinder (1982) first identified that there is a dimension of powerful media effects that goes beyond agenda setting. Political media primig therefore, is the process by which political issues receive the most attention in the media more than other issues, thereby influencing the standard of public assessments or evaluation of the performance of political actors or election of candidates.

Framing Theory

In 1974, a sociologist – Erving Goffman developed frame analysis to provide a systematic account of how we use expectations to make sense of everyday life situations and the people in them. Goffman was fascinated by the mistakes we make as we go through life – including the mistakes we never notice. He argued that as humans, we constantly and often radically change the way we define or typify situations, actions and other people as we move through time and space (Baran, 2010:331).

How do the media come into this theory? The media framing theory is based on the study of understanding, especially through systematic interpretation of actions and texts. This theory provides a rather “intriguing” way of assessing how media can elaborate and reinforce a dominant public culture

For Goffman, the media framing theory simply focuses on “how people or individuals learn to routinely make sense of their social world.” Most of this framing research is focused on journalism and on the way news influences our experience of the social world.

One of the most important areas of framing theory is the media research in journalism and political communication. As the media maintain a fourth estate role in democratic societies, media researchers find framing theory helpful to analyze the imbalances and underlying power structures that mediate political issues. It helps to also detect journalistic bias in political issues (Encyclopedia of Communication Theory, 2009:31).

1. The Nigerian Media: Playing the Role of the Fourth Estate of the Realm
2. The fourth estate performs conventional functions which collectively aim at building an ideal society, free and healthy enough to foster a true democracy. Some of the functions are as follows:
3. Information: The media gives people information on what is happening on the economic, political, socio-economic and international scene. Information is an important element in Nigerian democracy. As such, it is important for the media to give accurate information to the Nigerian citizenry because Nigerians will make their decisions based on the information they have.
4. Socialization: Nigeria has 250 ethnic groups. These ethnic groups have their distinct qualities. However, the media as fourth estate of the realm helps these ethnic groups cooperate with each other, especially with regards to national issues. When the media is enlightened, it enables socialization on the part of ethnic groups. It is the differences that exist among Nigerians that make Nigeria a stronger state than it used to be.
5. Motivation: when the media releases information to motivate or inspire the public or rather the Nigerian citizenry towards a particular set agenda, it is performing its role as a fourth estate of the realm. For example, carrying out campaigns on health issues such as HIV/AIDS, polio, Cholera and the Ebola Virus motivates the public to take extra precautions on their health.
6. Debates and Discussions: In exchanging of views by members on the society and with a platform provided by the media e.g. television shows, documentaries and so on, the media gives the citizenry the opportunity to air their views about the democratic and political situation of the country. Discussions also help politicians know the view of the citizenry and what they can do to up their game. Debates and discussions have helped the political situation of Nigeria.
7. Education: Education is the best legacy, especially now that knowledge has become the new currency. The media as the fourth estate of the realm helps in intellectual development of its citizens so that these citizens can in turn influence their societies positively.
8. Cultural Promotion: Nigeria is no doubt filled with various cultural communities. The media as the fourth estate of the realm helps to promote the cultural heritage of its community. In Nigeria, there are certain programmes which teach on cultures of past generations. Through these kind of programmes, a cultural trait will not be eroded form the minds of people.
9. Entertainment: Entertainment is no doubt topping the list in the Nigerian media today. Youths will rather turn to listening to music than to news. Entertainment apart from football brings people together. Singing songs and watching films gives a sense of togetherness to the people actively involved.

All these functions only show that the place of the fourth estate in our democratic dispensation is indispensable. Moemeka (2000:15) adds to this by talking about the Social Responsibility philosophy of media. For him, the media is obligated to providing the citizenry with information and discussion on important societal issues. The Social Responsibility Theory also “acknowledges the right of the nation, through its government, to ensure the security of the state”. In other words, the media as the fourth estate of the realm help in informing members of the society and also help in ensuring the security of a nation. Its major tenet is “striking a happy balance between the freedom of the media and of the people to information and the right of the state to national security (Moemeka, 2000:15).