An Appraisal of the Extraction and Characterization of Essential Oil from Ginger for Formulation of Perfumean
Abstract
This study extracts, characterize essential oil from ginger and formulates perfume using the ginger oil with other essential oil as the fragrance. The oil was extracted from ginger using solvent extraction method and was accurately characterized. The parameter used for characterization and their values are as follows Acid Value- 7.293%, free fatty acid-3.6465ml, saponification value 483.8625mlequ/kg, specific gravity o.9417g/ml, peroxide value 9m/equ/kg, Iodine value 0.3mgNaoH/g and refractive index 1.4642. The percentage yield of the oil is 7% i.e 1.5kg of dry ginger yields 120ml of oil. Perfume was formulated by dissolving perfume ingredients including ginger oil in ethyl alcohol and allowed to aged for two weeks. Perfume formulation has rose oil as the top note, ginger oil as the middle note and lavender oil as the base note. Ethyl alcohol became the vehicle having value of 80%. Other ingredients used in the formulation has their values as follow; rose oil 3.5%, ginger oil 6%, lavender oil 3.5%, avon oil 2%, coumarin 3%, fixative 1%, vitamin E 1% “Eau de parfum” (A type of perfume) was produced. Comparisons with champion (a market perfume) shows little variation between the two perfume though the ginger perfume is still within S.O.N’s standard for perfume. The perfume is recommended to lovers of perfume those whose use is to improve their body scent.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 5
1.3 Objective of the Study 6
1.4 Significance of the Study 6
1.5 Scope of the Study 7
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 8
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2.1.1 Mineral Oil 8
2.1.2 Animal Oil 8
2.1.3 Plant Oils 9
2.2 Essential Oils 10
2.3 Sources of Essential Oils 11
2.4 Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) 12
2.5 Types of Perfume 12
2.6 Fragrance Notes 15
2.7 Perfume’s Fixatives 17
2.8 Common Perfume Ingredients 31
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 22
3.1 Materials 22
3.2 Collection of the Sample 24
3.2.1 Ginger Collection 24
3.2.2 Collection of other Perfume Ingredients 24
3.3 Preparation of the Sample 24
3.4 Extraction of Ginger Oil 25
3.5 Characterization of the Ginger Oil 26
3.6 Perfume Formulation 30
3.7 Perfume Test 30
3.7.1 Skin Patch Test 31
3.7.2 Test for Strength 31
3.7.3 Stability Test 32
3.8 Comparative Test on Ginger Perfume and
Champion Perfume 32
3.8.1 Determination of PH 32
3.8.2 Determination of Electrical Conductivity 33
3.8.3 Determination of Turbidity 34
3.8.3 Determination of Viscosity 34
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 35
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Recommendation and Conclusion 37
5.1 Discussion 37
5.2 Recommendation 38
5.3 Conclusion 39
References 40
