AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF MULTIPLE INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VACCINATION ON ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF PULLETS TO NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS VIRUS
ABSTRACT
This work has the objective of verifying the interference of infectious bursal disease virus in the antibody production against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus. The experiment was carried out with 640 day-old-chicks from a 42 weeks old hen flock. The birds were separated into eight experimental groups (n=80/group) and were submitted to different combinations of vaccinations, with live vaccines, to Newcastle disease, avian infectious bronchitis, and infectious bursal disease with diverse combinations of days of vaccination. We verified that the utilization of polyvalent vaccinal programs have a different efficacy comparing to monovalent vaccinations when Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, and infectious bursal disease vaccinations are applied. This way, the use of vaccinations to infectious bursal disease in polyvalent vaccinal programs is desirable due to improvement of NDV response with the presence of IBV by the probable reduction of interference of IBV under NDV.
INTRODUCTION
The infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious viral and acute infection with tropism for lymphoid tissue, principally for bursa of Fabricius, in which the virus promotes the cell destruction. This disease is caused by IBDV that belongs to the genus Avibirnavirus of the family Birnaviridae (Murphy et al., 1995) and was identified by the first time in Delmarva region of United States of America. It is a high importance problem for poultry industry. Current thinking is that protection against IBDV may be mediated primarily by anti-IBDV antibodies (Fussell, 1998; Lutticken, 1997; Vakharia et al.,1994). IBDV vaccines used in commercial flocks are selected by the ability of the vaccines to induce vigorous antibody responses (Lasher and Shane, 1994), this way it has been used live and inactivated vaccines from serotype 1 (Jackwood and Saif, 1987). Six variants of this serotype were identified by the virus neutralization test. This antigenic variation can induce failures on the vaccination processes due to the difference of antigenic structures between vaccinal and wild viruses (Cao et al., 1998; Jackwood and Saif, 1987; Kibenge et al.,1988; van den Berg, 2000). Besides the antigenic variation, other factors can interfere on efficacy of a vaccinal program, among them, the viral interference. This phenomenon can occur among different serotypes of the same virus, for example infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) with intermediate and pathogenic strains (Ashraf et al., 2005), Reovirus (Whitaker-Dowling et al., 1987), Poliovirus (Sabin, 1959) and Avian Influenza virus (Whitaker-Dowling, 1992). It can also occur between different viruses, as between infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (Cardoso et al., 2005) or avian pneumovirus (Cook et al., 2001). The occurrence of interference among avian polyvalent vaccines can be promoted by the competition among the vaccinal viruses to the same receptors (Sabin, 1959).
This work has the objective of verifying the occurrence of interference of infectious bursal disease virus in the antibody production against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Birds
The experiment was carried out with 640 day-old-chicks from a 42 week-old hen flock. The chicks received no previous vaccination and were reared until 50 days of age in experimental broiler houses. The birds were bred simulating industrial conditions, with adequate management, water and feed ad libitum in a 10birds/m2 density.
Treatments and vaccination
The birds were separated into eight experimental groups (n=80/group): Control Group to Maternal Antibodies (CG-Mab), Control Group to Avian Infectious Bronchitis (CG-AIB), Control Group to Newcastle disease (CG-ND), Control Group to Infectious Bursal Disease (CG-IBD), Group without IBD vaccination (T0), and the groups with one, two and three IBD vaccinal doses (T1), (T2), and (T3), respectively. All groups, except CG-Mab, were submitted to treatments with vaccinations.
The vaccination was performed by instillation of a 0.03 mL drop by ocular route. All vaccines belonged to the same laboratory and the same group of vaccinators did the vaccinations. The following vaccinal strains were used: HB1 (106.5) to Newcastle disease, H120 (103.5) to infectious bronchitis, and Lukert -intermediate classic (103.0) to infectious bursal disease.
Blood collection and serological tests
The control group to maternal antibodies was submitted to blood collections at 1st, 25th, 35th and 45th days of age to verification of maternal antibody levels to IBV, NDV, and IBDV. The other groups were submitted to blood collections at 35th and 45th days of age. All blood samples were obtained from the brachial vein and the sera were collected, maintained adequately refrigerated to serological tests. Each serum was identified according to the number of the birds.
The serum samples were analyzed by HI (Haemagglutination inhibition) test to detection of antibodies against NDV and indirect ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) (Kirkegaard & Perry Laboratories – KPL) to detection of antibodies against IBV and IBDV.
Statistical Analyses
The titers obtained by ELISA and HI tests were submitted to the statistic program SAS/STAT 95 from SAS Institute Inc. (User’s guide: statistic and graphics, 1995). The results of antibody titers were submitted to Variance Analyses. The antibody titers were transformed by the logarithmic function Log10x+1 to submit the data to variance analyses. The means were compared through the test ‘t’ student with significance level of 5%.
CONCLUSION
We can conclude that the utilization of polyvalent vaccinal programs have a different efficacy comparing to monovalent vaccinations when Newcastle disease, avian infectious bronchitis, and infectious bursal disease vaccinations are applied. This way, the use of vaccinations to infectious bursal disease in polyvalent vaccinal programs is desirable due to improvement of NDV response, in spite of the presence of IBV by the probable reduction of interference of IBV under NDV.
Acknowledges
The authors thank Dr. Ronald Carneiro Câmara of the poultry company CIALNE (Northeast Company of Aliments), the BIOLAB Laboratory of Animal Pathology S/C Ltda and FUNCAP – Cearense Foundation for Research Support.
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